How measles spreads: What you need to know about this highly contagious virus

With measles cases now confirmed in Oklahoma, health officials are urging the public to take precautions against one of the most contagious diseases in the world.

Health officials emphasize prevention measures after 2 measles cases confirmed in Oklahoma

Measles is an airborne virus that spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes or even breathes. The virus can linger in the air and on surfaces for up to two hours, meaning people can be exposed even if they were not in direct contact with an infected individual.

Why measles is so contagious

Measles has an extremely high transmission rate. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 90% of unvaccinated people exposed to the virus will become infected. Unlike many other respiratory illnesses, measles spreads before symptoms even appear, making containment difficult.

Measles reported in Oklahoma: State Health Dept. Urges Public to Follow These Recommendations

The virus can be transmitted by simply being in the same room as an infected person. Because measles remains airborne for hours, crowded indoor spaces—such as schools, daycares, airports, and shopping centers—pose a significant risk.

The stages of measles transmission

Measles typically follows a predictable pattern:

1. Incubation period: After exposure, symptoms take 7 to 14 days to appear. During this time, the virus is multiplying in the body, but there are no visible signs of illness.
2. Early symptoms: Fever, cough, runny nose, and red eyes (conjunctivitis) develop first. These symptoms resemble the flu or a cold, making early detection challenging.
3. Rash and peak contagion: A red, blotchy rash usually starts on the face and spreads downward across the body. Once the rash appears, the individual is highly contagious for about four days before and after.
4. Recovery: The fever and rash gradually subside, but the immune system may remain weakened for weeks, increasing vulnerability to other infections.

Your questions on measles, symptoms and the MMR vaccine, answered by experts

Who is most at risk?

While measles can affect anyone, the most vulnerable groups include:

Who's At Risk? Pediatrician explains Measles risks, offers prevention tips

1. Infants under 12 months old, who are too young to receive the MMR vaccine
2. Pregnant women, who risk complications such as miscarriage or premature birth
3. People with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy
4. Unvaccinated individuals, including those who have opted out of immunization due to personal or medical reasons

How to protect yourself

The best defense against measles is the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. The CDC recommends:

1. Children receive their first MMR dose at 12-15 months and a second dose at 4-6 years old.
2. Adults born after 1957 ensure they have received at least one dose of the MMR vaccine, unless they have documented immunity.
3. Anyone unsure of their vaccination status should consult a healthcare provider for a blood test or booster shot.

In addition to vaccination, individuals should:

1. Avoid close contact with anyone showing measles symptoms.
2. Wash hands frequently and avoid touching the face.
3. Wear masks in crowded indoor settings if there is a known outbreak.

What to do if you may have been exposed

If you believe you were in contact with someone who has measles, monitor for symptoms for up to 21 days. If symptoms appear, seek medical advice immediately, but call ahead before visiting a healthcare facility to prevent potential spread.

With cases already confirmed in Oklahoma, health officials continue to stress the importance of vaccination and public awareness. Measles remains a serious health threat, but with proper precautions, its spread can be minimized.